![Figure 5 from "The South Pacific Meridional Mode as a Thermally Driven Source of ENSO Amplitude Modulation and Uncertainty" published by AMS, the American Meteorological Society. Authors: Sarah M. Larson; Kathy V. Pegion; Ben P. Kirtman Journal of Climate, June 2018, Volume 31, Issue 13: 5127–5145. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0722.1 Caption: "September SSTA in °C and wind stress anomalies in N m−2 from the (a) strongest and (c) weakest El Niño event in EnsoWinds. Events are ranked by the September Niño-3 SSTA index, as September exhibits the largest standard deviation of Niño-3. (b),(d) As in (a),(c), but for the EnsoWinds residual SSTA calculated by subtracting the mean 4-yr ENSO cycle from the full SSTA. Wind stress anomalies are obtained from the atmospheric model output and are representative of the winds used in the model formulation of the heat fluxes. This is not the anomalous wind stress the ocean experiences, as it is prescribed per the methodology described in the text, but rather the uncoupled atmospheric response to the SSTA." Pacific Ocean outline drawing showing currents and water temperatures in reds and blues (warm and cold) on a scale. X axis shows latitude (north-south), and Y axis shows longitude (east-west) from 45N to 45S and from 150E to 90W](https://i0.wp.com/idsc.miami.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/September-SSTA-El-Nino-temperatures-in-Centigrate-Figure-5-940x530-1.jpg?resize=730%2C350&ssl=1)
The South Pacific Meridional Mode as a Thermally Drive…
Abstract This study seeks to identify thermally driven sources of ENSO amplitude and uncertainty, as they are relatively unexplored compared to wind-driven sources. Read more “The South Pacific Meridional Mode as a Thermally Drive Source of ENSO Amplitude Modulation and Uncertainty”